Among the applications of PSYCHOLOGIX® technology is precise assessment of drug effects on cognition, behavior, and mood. To learn more select one of the topics:
 
Psychometric Characteristics of Tests
Applications of Tests
Test Demonstrations
 

Psychometric Characteristics of Tests

Psychologix® Assessments

  • All tests are modeled on important cognitive tasks of daily life, each is sensitive to "normal" developmental changes that occur with advancing age, and each has been described independently in a peer-reviewed academic journal (1-10)

  • Tests are sensitive to early signs of neurological disease (11,12), neurosurgical procedure (13), sedating and anti-cholinergic drugs (14,15), coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (16), cholinergic treatments that modestly improve cognition (17,18), and behavioral techniques that improve learning and memory (19).

  • Tests are reliable (20) and available in at least six alternate forms in each of five languages (21-25).

  • Relationships among tests have been thoroughly established in different populations, factor structures of the test battery have been provided (22-25), inter-individual patterns of performance have been described (26), and non-cognitive factors affecting performance have been described in detail (24,27).

  • Normative data have been collected from tens of thousands of carefully screened subjects of all ages in eight countries (1-10,24-27,29,34,41)

  • Objective performance tests are paired with subjective assessments of cognitive performance and affective status completed by the subject or family members (33-37) or by a clinician (38)

  • Tests are accepted as relevant to daily life, even by older persons not familiar with computers (39)

  • Tests were expressly designed to detect clinically relevant drug effects (23,42-49)

  • Tests are based on cognitive paradigms used to discover drug effects in animals (50)

Selected References

  1. Crook, T.H. & West, R.L. Name recall performance across the adult life span. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 335-349, 1990.

  2. Crook, T.H., Larrabee, G.J. & Youngjohn, J.R. Age of incidental recall a simulated everyday memory task. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48(1), 45-47, 1993.

  3. West, R.L. & Crook, T.H. Age differences in everyday memory: Laboratory analogues of telephone number recall. Psychology and Aging, 5(4), 520-529

  4. Crook, T.H. & Larrabee, G.J. Changes in facial recognition memory across the adult life span. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47(3)

  5. Youngjohn, J.R., Larrabee, G.J., & Crook, T.H. First-Last Names and the Grocery List Selective Reminding Test: Two computerized measures of everyday verbal learning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 287-300.

  6. Crook, T.H. Youngjohn, J.R., & Larrabee, G.J. The misplaced objects test: A measure of everyday visual memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(6), 819-833, 1990.

  7. Crook, T.H. Youngjohn, J.R., G.J. TV news test: A new measure of everyday memory for prose. Neuropsychology, 5, 135-145, 1990.

  8. Hill, R.D., Crook, T.H., Zadeik, A., Sheikh, J., & Yesavage, J. (1989). The effects of age on recall of information from a simulated television news broadcast. Educational Gerontology, 5(1), 607-613.

  9. Crook, T.H., West, R.L., & Larrabee, G.J. The Driving-Reaction Time Test: Assessing age declines in dual-task performance. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9(1), 41-53, 1993.

  10. Crook, T., Youngjohn, J.R., & Larrabee, G.J. The influence of age, gender, and cues on computer simulated topographic memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9(1), 41-53, 1993.

  11. Larrabee, G.J., Youngjohn, J.R., Sudilovsky, A., & Crook, T.H. Accelerated forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(5), 701-712, 1993.

  12. Youngjohn, J.R., Larrabee, G.J., & Crook, T.H. Discriminating Age-Associated Memory Impairment from Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 54-59, 1992.

  13. Ivnik, R.J. Malec, J.F. Sharbrough, F.W., Cascino, G.D., Hirschorn, K.A., Crook, T.H., & Larrabee, G.J. Traditional and computerized assessment procedures applied to the evaluation of memory change after temporal lobectomy. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 69-81, 1993.

  14. Nickelsen, T. Lufkin, R.G., Riggs, B.L., Cox, D.A., & Crook, T.H. Raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen reception modulator: Safety assessment of effects on cognitive function and mood in postmenopausal women. Nueroimmunoendocrinology, 24, 115-128, 1999.

  15. Contact Psychologix, Inc. email: support@psychologix.com

  16. Contact Psychologix, Inc. email: support@psychologix.com

  17. Crook, T.H. Tinklenberg, J.R. Yesavage, J. Petrie, W.M., Nunzi, M.G., & Massari, D.C. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Age-Associated Memory Impairment. In T. Crook & S. Gershon (Eds.), Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult-Onset Cognitive Disorders (AOCD), pp. 263-293. Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Mark Powley Associated, Inc., 1991.

  18. Brook, T.H. Treatment of Anger-Relation Cognitive Decline: Effects of Phosphatidylserine: In R.M. Klatz & R. Goldman (Eds.), Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics, II, pp. 20-28. Marina del Rey, California: Health Quest Publications, 1998.

  19. West, R.L. & Crook, T.H. Video training of imagery for mature adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(4), 307-320, 1992.

  20. Youngjohn, J.R., Larrabee, G.J., & Crook, T.H. Test-retest reliability of computerized, everyday memory measure and traditional memory tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6(3), 276, 1992.

  21. Youngjohn, J.R. & Crook, T.H. Stability of everyday memory in Age-Associated Memory Impairment: A longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 7(3), 406-416, 1993.

  22. Crooks, T.H., Youngjohn, J.R., & Larrabee, G.J. Multiple equivalent test forms in a computerized, everyday memory battery. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 221-232, 1992.

  23. Crook, T.H., Johnson, B.A., & Larrabee, G.J. Evaluation of drugs in Alzheimer's disease and Age-Associated Memory Impairment. In O. Benkert, W. Maier, & K Rickels (Eds.), Methodology for the Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs, pp. 37-55. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

  24. Crook, T.H., Youngjohn, J.R. Larrabee, G.J., & Salama, M. Aging and everyday memory: A cross-cultural study. Neuropsychology, 6(2), 123-136, 1992.

  25. Zappala, G., Martini, E., Crook, T., & Amaducci, L. Ecological memory assessment in normal aging: A preliminary report on an Italian population. New Development in Neuropsychological Evaluation, 5(3), 583-594, 1089.

  26. Crook, T.H., Lebowitz, B.D., Pirozzolo, F.J., Zappala, G. Cavarzeran, F., Measso, G., & Massari, D.C. Recalling names after introduction: Changes across the adult life-span in two cultures. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9(2), 103-113, 1993.

  27. Crooks, T.H. & Larrabee, G.J. Interrelationships among everyday memory tests: Stability of factor structure with age. Neuropsychology, 2, 1-12, 1988.

  28. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. Dimensions of everyday memory in Age-Associated Memory Impairment. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(2), 92-97, 1989.

  29. West, R.L., Crook, T.H., & Barron, K.L. Everyday memory performance across the life span: The effects of age and noncognitive individual differences. Psychology and Aging, 7(1), 72-82, 1992.

  30. Tomer, A., Larrabee, G.J., & Crook, T.H. Structure of everyday memory in adults with Age-Associated Memory Impairment. Psychology and Aging, 9(4), 606-615, 1994.

  31. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. Performance subtypes of everyday memory function. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5(4), 267-283, 1989.

  32. Larrabee, .J. & Crook, T.H. Do men show more rapid age-associated decline in simulated everyday verbal memory then do woman? Psychology and Aging, 8(1), 68-71, 1993.

  33. Crook, T. & Larrabee, G. A self-rating scale for evaluating memory in everyday life. Psychology and Aging, 5(1), 48-57, 1990.

  34. Crook, T.H. & Larrabee, G.J. Normative data on a self rating scale for evaluating memory in everyday life. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 41-51, 1992.

  35. Larrabee, G.J., West, R.L., & Crook, T.H. The association of memory complaint with computer-simulated everyday memory performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13(4), 466-478, 1991.

  36. Feher, E.P., Larrabee, G.J., Sudilovsky, A., & Crook, T.H. Memory self-report in Alzheimer's disease and in Age-Associated Memory Impairment. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(1), 58-65, 1994.

  37. Crook, T.H., Feher, E.P., & Larrabee, G.J. Assessment of memory complaint in Age-Associated Memory Impairment: The MAC-Q. International Psycholgeratics, 4(2), 165-175, 1992.

  38. Crook, T.H., Feher, E.P., & Larrabee, G.J. Initial validation of the MAC-P: A new clinical-rated scale for cognitive and affective changes in dementia. The Clinical Nueropsychologist, 7(4), 420-429, 1993.

  39. Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Tangalos, E.G., & Crook, T.H. Older persons' reaction to computerized testing versus traditional testing by psychometrists. The Clinical Nueropsychologist, 10(2), 149-151, 1996.

  40. Youngjohn, J.R. & Crook, T.H. Learning, forgetting, and retrieval of everyday material across the adult life span. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(4), 447-460, 1993.

  41. Crook, T.H., Larrabee, G.J., & Youngjohn, J.R. Diagnosis and Assessment of Age-Associated Memory Impairment. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 13(3), S81-291, 1990.

  42. Larrabee, G.J., Youngjohn, J.R., Feher, E.P., & Crook, T.H. Evaluation of treatment effects in memory disorders of aging. In M. Bergener, R.H. Belmaker, & M.S. Tropper (Eds.), Psychopharmacotherapy for the Elderly: Research and Clinical Implications, pp. 13-27. New York: Springer, 1993.

  43. Crook, T.H. Assessment of drug effects in Age-Associated Memory Impairment. In N. Canal, V. Hachiniski, G. McKhann, & M. Franceschi (Eds.), Guidelines for Drug Trials in Memory Disorders, Aging Series, Vol. 39, pp. 245-249. New York: Raven Press, LTD. 1993.

  44. Crook, T.H. Assessment of clinical efficacy of cognitive enhancers. In G. Racagni & J. Mendlewicz (Eds.), Treatment of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction: Pharmacological and Clinical Evaluation International Academy for Biomedical and Drug Research, Vol 2, pp. 94-107. Basel: Karger, 1992.

  45. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. Computerized memory testing in clinical trials. In E. Mohr & P. Brouwers (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Trials: The Neurobehavioral Approach, pp. 293-306. Amsterdam: Swet & Zeitlinger, 1991.

  46. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. The ecological validity of memory testing procedures: Developments in the assessment of everyday memory. In: R.J. Sbordone & C.J. Long (Eds.), Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological Testing, pp. 225-242. Delray Beach, Florida: GR Press/St. Lucie Press 1996.

  47. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. Assessment of learning and memory. In R.L. Mapou & J. Spector (Eds.), Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment: A Cognitive Approach, pp. 185-213. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

  48. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. A computerized battery for assessment of everyday memory. In R.L. West & J.D. Sinnot (Eds.), Everyday Memory and Aging: Current Research and Methodlogy, pp. 54-65. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1992.

  49. Larrabee, G.J. & Crook, T.H. Computers and memory. In I. Grant & K.M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Second Edition), pp. 102-117. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  50. Crook, T.H. & Youngjohn, j.R. Development of treatments for memory disorders: The necessary meeting of basic and everyday memory research. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 619-630, 1993.